Rulers of Ancient Persia

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Artaxerxes II
Regnal Name: Artaxerxes II

Achaemenid Persian Empire

404-358 BC

Long-reigning king whose rule began with the rebellion of Cyrus the Younger and continued through decades of conflict involving Greece and Egypt.

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Artaxerxes III
Regnal Name: Artaxerxes III

Achaemenid Persian Empire

358-338 BC

Energetic late Achaemenid king who restored Persian control over Egypt and strengthened imperial authority before dying in a palace conspiracy.

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Arses
Regnal Name: Artaxerxes IV

Achaemenid Persian Empire

338-336 BC

Son and successor of Artaxerxes III who ruled briefly as Artaxerxes IV before being killed during the crisis preceding Darius III.

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The Achaemenid Persian Empire dominated the ancient Near East from the sixth through fourth centuries BC, stretching from Central Asia and the Indus Valley to Egypt and the Aegean world. Founded by Cyrus the Great, Persia conquered Babylon in 539 BC and inherited control of Judah and the other territories of the former Babylonian Empire. Unlike the Babylonians, Persian rulers generally permitted subject peoples to maintain their local religions and institutions while remaining under imperial authority.

Persian rule was especially important in the restoration of Israel after the Babylonian Exile. Cyrus authorized Jewish exiles to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the Temple. Under Darius I, the Temple project was reaffirmed and completed. Xerxes I is generally identified with Ahasuerus, the king of the Book of Esther, while Artaxerxes I authorized the missions of Ezra and Nehemiah, contributing to the religious renewal of the Jewish community and the rebuilding of Jerusalem's walls. Thus, the Persian period transformed Judah from an exiled people into a restored community centered again on Jerusalem, the Temple, the Law, and its covenant identity.