Malichus II

Nabataea

Approximately AD 40–70

Malichus II ruled Nabataea during the middle of the first century AD, including the outbreak of the Jewish revolt.

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Mesha

Moab

Ninth century BC; active during the reigns of Ahab and Jehoram of Israel

Mesha was a ninth-century BC king of Moab who rebelled against Israelite domination. He is particularly important because his own royal inscription, the Mesha Stele, survives and provides an independent Moabite account of the conflict.

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Monobazus I

Adiabene

Early first century AD; died before the accession of Izates II

Monobazus I ruled Adiabene and was the husband of Helena and father of Izates II and Monobazus II.

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Monobazus II

Adiabene

First century AD; succeeded Izates II, probably around the late 50s or early 60s

Monobazus II was the elder brother and successor of Izates II and maintained the royal family's close ties with Judaism and Jerusalem.

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Nahash

Ammon

Late eleventh to early tenth century BC in conventional chronology; dates uncertain

Nahash was an Ammonite king who besieged Jabesh-gilead during the early reign of Saul. His defeat helped establish Saul's authority as king of Israel. A king named Nahash was also the father of Hanun and…

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Obodas I

Nabataea

Approximately 96–85 BC

Obodas I led Nabataea during conflicts with Alexander Jannaeus and the Seleucid king Antiochus XII.

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Obodas II

Nabataea

Possibly around 62/61–60/59 BC

Obodas II is a poorly documented ruler whose existence and position in the succession have been debated.

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Obodas III

Nabataea

Approximately 30–9 BC

Obodas III ruled Nabataea during the reigns of Augustus and Herod the Great.

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Og, King of Bashan

Bashan (Kingdom of Og)

Wilderness journey and conquest of Transjordan; precise historical dates unknown

Og was the king of Bashan who, according to Numbers 21 and Deuteronomy 3, confronted the Israelites near Edrei and was defeated. The Bible identifies Ashtaroth and Edrei as his royal centers and associates him…

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Oreb

Midian

Period of the Judges; exact dates unknown

Oreb was a Midianite prince captured and killed by the Ephraimites during the pursuit following Gideon's victory. His death was associated with a place called the Rock of Oreb.

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Padi of Ekron

Philistia

Late eighth to early seventh century BC; active in 701 BC

Padi was a king of Ekron loyal to Assyria during the reign of Sennacherib. Rebels in his city removed him from power and handed him over to Hezekiah of Judah, but Sennacherib later restored him…

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Philip the Tetrarch

Iturea

4 BC–AD 34

Philip, a son of Herod the Great, ruled northeastern territories and is explicitly named in Luke 3:1.

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