Herod of Chalcis

Chalcis (Chalcis sub Libanum)

AD 41–48

Herod of Chalcis was a grandson of Herod the Great and brother of Agrippa I. Emperor Claudius granted him the kingdom of Chalcis in AD 41. After Agrippa I died, Herod received oversight of the…

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Herod the Great

Idumea

37–4 BC (commonly accepted chronology; appointed king by Rome in 40 BC)

Herod the Great ruled Judea under Roman authority and is the king named in Matthew's account of the birth of Jesus.

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Hiram I of Tyre

Tyre

Tenth century BC; contemporary of David and Solomon

Hiram I was king of the Phoenician city of Tyre during the reigns of David and Solomon. He supplied cedar timber, skilled workers, and other resources for royal building projects in Jerusalem. His friendship with…

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Ikausu of Ekron

Philistia

Seventh century BC; attested during the reigns of Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal

Ikausu was a seventh-century BC king of Ekron and the son of Padi. He is known from Assyrian records and a royal dedicatory inscription discovered at Ekron, which identifies him as the builder of a…

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Irhuleni (Urhilina)

Hamath

Ninth century BC; securely attested in 853 BC

Irhuleni was a ninth-century BC king of Hamath who participated in the coalition opposing Shalmaneser III of Assyria at the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BC. The coalition also included Ahab of Israel and the…

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Izates I

Adiabene

Late first century BC or early first century AD; precise dates disputed

Izates I was an early ruler of Adiabene, remembered chiefly as an ancestor of the royal family whose members later adopted Judaism.

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Izates II

Adiabene

First century AD; reign of approximately twenty-four years, commonly dated c. AD 36–60

Izates II was king of Adiabene and a notable convert to Judaism whose reign is described at length by Josephus.

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Jabin, King of Canaan (Judges)

Hazor (Canaanite Kingdom)

Period of Deborah and Barak; precise historical dates unknown

Jabin was a Canaanite king ruling from Hazor in Judges 4. The biblical account says that Israel suffered under his rule for twenty years and that his army commander, Sisera, possessed nine hundred iron chariots.…

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Jabin, King of Hazor (Joshua)

Hazor (Canaanite Kingdom)

Period of Joshua and the conquest narratives; precise historical dates unknown

Jabin was the king of Hazor who, according to Joshua 11, gathered a coalition of northern Canaanite rulers against Israel. Joshua defeated the coalition near the waters of Merom, captured Hazor, and put Jabin to…

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Luli (Elulaios)

Sidon

Late eighth century BC; active during Sennacherib's campaign of 701 BC

Luli was a Phoenician king associated with Sidon and Tyre during the late eighth century BC. He resisted Assyrian domination and fled during Sennacherib's western campaign of 701 BC, the same campaign in which Assyria…

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Lysanias I

Iturea

Approximately 40–36/34 BC; date of death disputed

Lysanias succeeded Ptolemy in the Iturean principality and was executed on the orders of Mark Antony.

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Malichus I

Nabataea

Approximately 59–30 BC

Malichus I ruled during the Roman civil wars and the emergence of Herod the Great.

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