Eglon

Moab

Period of the Judges; precise dates unknown

Eglon was a king of Moab who, according to Judges 3, conquered territory occupied by Israel and dominated the Israelites for eighteen years. His rule ended when the Israelite judge Ehud assassinated him.

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Elibaal

Byblos

Late tenth or early ninth century BC in conventional chronology; disputed

Elibaal was a king of Byblos known from a Phoenician inscription on an Egyptian statue of Pharaoh Osorkon I. His inscription and those of his relatives help establish a royal family extending across three generations.

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Eshmunazar II

Sidon

Persian period; late sixth or fifth century BC, exact chronology debated

Eshmunazar II was a Persian-period king of Sidon whose long Phoenician funerary inscription describes his royal family, religious building projects, and territorial grants involving Dor and Joppa. His sarcophagus is one of the most important…

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Ethbaal I (Ithobaal)

Tyre

Ninth century BC; contemporary of Ahab of Israel

Ethbaal I was a Phoenician ruler identified in the Bible as king of the Sidonians. His daughter Jezebel married Ahab, king of Israel. Later historical traditions also identify Ethbaal as a king of Tyre. His…

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Hadad son of Bedad

Edom

Early Edomite monarchy; precise dates unknown

Hadad son of Bedad was an early king of Edom remembered for defeating the Midianites in the territory of Moab. He appears in the biblical list of Edomite kings who ruled before Israel established its…

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Hadad the Edomite

Edom

Late reign of David and reign of Solomon; tenth century BC in conventional chronology

Hadad the Edomite was a member of Edom's royal family who escaped to Egypt during David's campaigns against Edom. He later sought to return to his homeland and became an adversary of Solomon.

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Hadadezer son of Rehob

Zobah

Reign of David; tenth century BC in conventional chronology

Hadadezer was king of Zobah, an Aramean kingdom north of Israel, during the reign of David. He commanded a powerful military force, fought against David, and was involved in conflicts with Damascus and Hamath. His…

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Hanun

Ammon

Reign of David; tenth century BC in conventional chronology

Hanun succeeded his father Nahash as king of Ammon during David's reign. His humiliation of David's ambassadors triggered a major war involving Ammon, Israel, and several Aramean forces.

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Hazael

Aram-Damascus

Approximately 842–800 BC; dates approximate

Hazael was a powerful ninth-century BC king of Damascus who expanded Aramean influence and fought major wars against Israel and Judah. He is known from Scripture, Assyrian inscriptions, and archaeological evidence associated with the Tel…

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Hazael of Kedar

Kedar

Early seventh century BC; contemporary of Sennacherib and Esarhaddon

Hazael was an Arabian ruler associated with Kedar during the reigns of Sennacherib and Esarhaddon. Assyrian records describe his relationship with the empire and identify his son Yauta as a later ruler.

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Helena of Adiabene

Adiabene

First century AD; active during the reign of Izates II

Helena was queen of Adiabene, converted to Judaism, and became famous for helping people in Jerusalem during a famine.

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Herod Agrippa II

Chalcis (Chalcis sub Libanum)

Chalcis approximately AD 48–53; ruled other territories thereafter

Herod Agrippa II received Chalcis after his uncle’s death around AD 48. In AD 53 he exchanged it for territories formerly ruled by Philip the Tetrarch and Lysanias. He is the King Agrippa who heard…

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