Intelligent Design Investigation

Research Sources

Biological Information, DNA and the Genetic Code  •  17 unique sources
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These are the research sources used in this investigation. A source is listed once even when it supports several evidence records, explanations, or objections. The entries below also show where each source is used so that the research trail can be followed.

Alberts et al. — From DNA to RNA

Author: Bruce Alberts; Alexander Johnson; Julian Lewis; Martin Raff; Keith Roberts; Peter Walter
From DNA to RNA • Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th edition • 2002
Scientific Reference Neutral
Used in this investigation
Evidence
  • DNA and the Storage of Biological Information — Information Processing
  • Genes, Regulation, and the Control of Cellular Activity — Gene Expression
  • Transcription: From DNA to RNA — Scientific Foundation
Questions & Objections
  • Is DNA Really Information, or Is That Just a Metaphor? — Information Processing

Alberts et al. — From RNA to Protein

Author: Bruce Alberts; Alexander Johnson; Julian Lewis; Martin Raff; Keith Roberts; Peter Walter
From RNA to Protein • Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th edition • 2002
Scientific Reference Neutral
Used in this investigation
Evidence
  • The Genetic Code — Scientific Foundation
  • Transfer RNA and Molecular Recognition — Scientific Foundation
  • Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases and Correct Amino-Acid Assignment — Scientific Foundation
  • The Ribosome and Protein Translation — Scientific Foundation
  • Accuracy, Error Correction, and Quality Control — Scientific Foundation
  • Biological Information as an Integrated System — Scientific Foundation

Alberts et al. — Structure and Function of DNA

Author: Bruce Alberts; Alexander Johnson; Julian Lewis; Martin Raff; Keith Roberts; Peter Walter
The Structure and Function of DNA • Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th edition • 2002
Scientific Reference Neutral
Used in this investigation
Evidence
  • DNA and the Storage of Biological Information — Scientific Foundation
  • Functional Information in DNA Sequences — Sequence Foundation
Questions & Objections
  • Is DNA Really Information, or Is That Just a Metaphor? — Molecular Foundation

Woese et al. — Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases and the Genetic Code

Author: Carl R. Woese; Gary J. Olsen; Michael Ibba; Dieter Söll
Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases, the Genetic Code, and the Evolutionary Process • Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews • 2000
Scientific Review Neutral
DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.64.1.202-236.2000
Used in this investigation
Evidence
  • The Origin and Evolution of the Genetic Code — Synthetase Context
  • The Origin of the Translation System — Dependency Problem
  • Biological Information as an Integrated System — System Integration
Explanations
  • Chemical Constraint and Stereochemical Affinity — Molecular Context
Questions & Objections
  • Does the Genetic Code Have to Be Designed Because It Is a Code? — Molecular Context

Carter and Wolfenden — tRNA and Amino Acid Chemistry

Author: Charles W. Carter Jr.; Richard Wolfenden
tRNA Acceptor-Stem and Anticodon Bases Embed Separate Features of Amino Acid Chemistry • RNA Biology • 2016
Journal Article Neutral
DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2015.1112488
Used in this investigation
Evidence
  • The Genetic Code — Coding Relationship
  • Transfer RNA and Molecular Recognition — Molecular Recognition
  • Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases and Correct Amino-Acid Assignment — Recognition System
  • Accuracy, Error Correction, and Quality Control — Recognition Context

ENCODE Consortium — Expanded Encyclopaedias of DNA Elements

Author: ENCODE Project Consortium; Jill E. Moore; Michael J. Purcaro; et al.
Expanded Encyclopaedias of DNA Elements in the Human and Mouse Genomes • Nature • 2020
Journal Article Neutral
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2493-4
Used in this investigation
Evidence
  • Functional Information in DNA Sequences — Scientific Foundation
  • Genes, Regulation, and the Control of Cellular Activity — Scientific Foundation
  • Transcription: From DNA to RNA — Regulatory Context

Koonin — The Meaning of Biological Information

Author: Eugene V. Koonin
The Meaning of Biological Information • Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A • 2016
Scientific Review Neutral
DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0065
Used in this investigation
Questions & Objections
  • Is DNA Really Information, or Is That Just a Metaphor? — Scientific Foundation
  • Does Natural Selection Explain the Origin of Biological Information? — Scientific Foundation

Koonin — Frozen Accident and the Genetic Code

Author: Eugene V. Koonin
Frozen Accident Pushing 50: Stereochemistry, Expansion, and Chance in the Evolution of the Genetic Code • 2017
Scientific Review Neutral
Used in this investigation
Explanations
  • Chemical Constraint and Stereochemical Affinity — Scientific Qualification
  • Coevolution, Selection, and Code Expansion — Qualification
  • Historical Contingency and Frozen Accident — Scientific Foundation
Questions & Objections
  • Does Evolution of the Genetic Code Undermine a Design Argument? — Historical Contingency

Koonin and Novozhilov — Origin and Evolution of the Genetic Code

Author: Eugene V. Koonin; Artem S. Novozhilov
Origin and Evolution of the Genetic Code: The Universal Enigma • 2009
Scientific Review Neutral
Used in this investigation
Evidence
  • The Origin and Evolution of the Genetic Code — Origin Models
Explanations
  • Chemical Constraint and Stereochemical Affinity — Scientific Foundation
  • Historical Contingency and Frozen Accident — Code Evolution
Questions & Objections
  • Does the Genetic Code Have to Be Designed Because It Is a Code? — Scientific Foundation
  • Does Evolution of the Genetic Code Undermine a Design Argument? — Code Evolution
  • Is the Biological Information Argument Just Another God-of-the-Gaps Argument? — Scientific Foundation

Koonin and Novozhilov — Universal Genetic Code

Author: Eugene V. Koonin; Artem S. Novozhilov
Origin and Evolution of the Universal Genetic Code • 2017
Scientific Review Neutral
Used in this investigation
Evidence
  • The Origin and Evolution of the Genetic Code — Scientific Foundation
Explanations
  • Coevolution, Selection, and Code Expansion — Scientific Foundation
  • Historical Contingency and Frozen Accident — Broader Context
  • Purposeful Design — Scientific Context
Questions & Objections
  • Does Natural Selection Explain the Origin of Biological Information? — Evolutionary Model
  • Does the Genetic Code Have to Be Designed Because It Is a Code? — Origin Models
  • Does Evolution of the Genetic Code Undermine a Design Argument? — Scientific Foundation

Cooper — Expression of Genetic Information

Author: Geoffrey M. Cooper
Expression of Genetic Information • The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2nd edition • 2000
Scientific Reference Neutral
Used in this investigation
Evidence
  • The Genetic Code — Experimental Context
  • Transfer RNA and Molecular Recognition — Broader Context
  • Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases and Correct Amino-Acid Assignment — Broader Context
  • The Ribosome and Protein Translation — Translation Context

Fox — Origin and Evolution of the Ribosome

Author: George E. Fox
Origin and Evolution of the Ribosome • Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology • 2010
Scientific Review Neutral
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a003483
Used in this investigation
Evidence
  • The Origin of the Translation System — Ribosome Evolution
  • Biological Information as an Integrated System — Ribosome Context

Wills — Origins of Genetic Coding by Self-Organisation

Author: Peter R. Wills
Origins of Genetic Coding: Self-Guided Molecular Self-Organisation • Entropy • 2023
Journal Article Neutral
DOI: 10.3390/e25091281
Used in this investigation
Explanations
  • Self-Organization and Emergent Coding — Scientific Foundation
  • Purposeful Design — Alternative Explanation
Questions & Objections
  • Can Self-Organization Produce Biological Information? — Scientific Foundation
  • Is the Biological Information Argument Just Another God-of-the-Gaps Argument? — Alternative Explanation

de Farias et al. — Evolution of tRNA and the Translation System

Author: Savio T. de Farias; Thaís G. do Rêgo; Marco V. José
Evolution of Transfer RNA and the Origin of the Translation System • Frontiers in Genetics • 2014
Scientific Review Neutral
DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00303
Used in this investigation
Evidence
  • The Origin and Evolution of the Genetic Code — Coevolution Model
  • The Origin of the Translation System — Trna Evolution
Explanations
  • Coevolution, Selection, and Code Expansion — Coevolution Model

Meyer — Signature in the Cell

Author: Stephen C. Meyer
Signature in the Cell: DNA and the Evidence for Intelligent Design • 2009
Id Source Supports Design
Used in this investigation
Evidence
  • The Origin and Evolution of the Genetic Code — Design Interpretation
  • The Origin of the Translation System — Design Interpretation
  • Biological Information as an Integrated System — Design Interpretation
Explanations
  • Purposeful Design — Design Interpretation
Questions & Objections
  • Is DNA Really Information, or Is That Just a Metaphor? — Design Interpretation
  • Does Natural Selection Explain the Origin of Biological Information? — Design Interpretation
  • Does the Genetic Code Have to Be Designed Because It Is a Code? — Design Interpretation
  • Can Self-Organization Produce Biological Information? — Design Interpretation
  • Does Evolution of the Genetic Code Undermine a Design Argument? — Design Interpretation
  • Is the Biological Information Argument Just Another God-of-the-Gaps Argument? — Design Interpretation

Hordijk and Steel — Autocatalytic Networks at the Basis of Life

Author: Wim Hordijk; Mike Steel
Autocatalytic Networks at the Basis of Life's Origin and Organization • 2018
Scientific Review Neutral
Used in this investigation
Explanations
  • Self-Organization and Emergent Coding — Systems Context
Questions & Objections
  • Can Self-Organization Produce Biological Information? — Systems Context

Wolf and Koonin — Origin of Translation and the Genetic Code

Author: Yuri I. Wolf; Eugene V. Koonin
On the Origin of the Translation System and the Genetic Code in the RNA World by Means of Natural Selection, Exaptation, and Subfunctionalization • Biology Direct • 2007
Scientific Paper Neutral
DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-2-14
Used in this investigation
Evidence
  • The Origin of the Translation System — Scientific Foundation
  • Biological Information as an Integrated System — Origin Model
Explanations
  • Coevolution, Selection, and Code Expansion — Selection Model
  • Self-Organization and Emergent Coding — Evolutionary Context
  • Purposeful Design — Alternative Explanation
Questions & Objections
  • Does Natural Selection Explain the Origin of Biological Information? — Origin Model
  • Can Self-Organization Produce Biological Information? — Evolutionary Context
  • Is the Biological Information Argument Just Another God-of-the-Gaps Argument? — Alternative Explanation