Biblical Kingdom Ruler
Aretas III Philhellene
Photograph by Classical Numismatic Group (CNG), Inc.; www.cngcoins.com
CC BY-SA 3.0
Ruler at a Glance
Kingdom
Nabataea
Ruler Type
King of Nabataea
Reign
Approximately 84–62/60 BC
Regnal Name
Aretas III
Alternate Names
Aretas III Philhellen; Haretat III
Capital
Petra
Origin
Nabataea
Identification Certainty
Well attested; terminal date varies by chronology
Overview
Aretas III expanded Nabataean influence into Damascus and became involved in the Hasmonean civil conflict.
Biography
Aretas III ruled as Nabataea became an important regional power. He gained control of Damascus for a time and became involved in the dispute between Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II over Judean leadership. Josephus describes his intervention on behalf of Hyrcanus. Roman intervention under Pompey changed the balance of power, and Nabataea faced growing Roman pressure. The title Philhellene reflects the Greek-speaking political culture of the region.
Historical Significance
Central figure in the struggle between Hasmonean claimants and the advance of Roman influence.
Major Events
Control of Damascus; support for Hyrcanus II; Roman intervention.
Biblical Significance
Provides historical context for the end of Hasmonean independence and the rise of Roman rule.
Primary Sources
Josephus, Antiquities 14; Josephus, Jewish War 1; Nabataean coinage