Jephthah was a Gileadite warrior and judge who delivered Israel from Ammon but is remembered especially for his tragic vow.
Biography
Jephthah was the son of Gilead and a prostitute. Driven away by his half-brothers, he gathered a band of followers in Tob. When Ammon threatened Gilead, the elders asked him to lead them. Jephthah first attempted diplomacy, rehearsing Israel's history and denying Ammon's territorial claim. The Spirit of the Lord came upon him, and he defeated the Ammonites. Before battle he had made a rash vow concerning whatever came from his house to meet him on his return. His only child, his daughter, came out celebrating the victory, producing the story's tragic climax. Jephthah later fought Ephraim in a bitter civil conflict in which pronunciation of the word 'Shibboleth' was used to identify fugitives. He judged Israel six years.
Biblical Significance
Jephthah was genuinely used by God to deliver Israel and is later named among examples of faith in Hebrews 11. At the same time, Judges presents his vow and the subsequent civil bloodshed within the increasingly tragic moral world of the period.