Customs & Culture
Childbirth and Midwifery
Childbirth normally occurred within a household setting with assistance from experienced women or midwives, and it carried substantial physical risk for mother and child.
Primary Scripture
Historical and Cultural Background
Scripture names Hebrew midwives in Exodus and repeatedly depicts women assisting at difficult births. Birth was followed by naming, family celebration, and, under Israelite law, a period of ritual purification.
Biblical Examples
Key biblical examples include Genesis 35:16-18; Exodus 1:15-21; 1 Samuel 4:19-20; Luke 1:57-59.
Biblical Significance
Understanding ancient childbirth highlights the courage of the Hebrew midwives and the vulnerability surrounding several biblical birth narratives.
Common Misconceptions
Claims about one universal ancient birthing posture or a standardized professional midwife system go beyond the evidence.
Historical Setting and Evidence
Culture: Israelite, Judean/Jewish, Ancient Near Eastern
Period: Patriarchal Period, Exodus and Wilderness, Roman / Second Temple Period
Evidence: Well Attested
Interpretive Importance: Helpful
Biblical narratives, Egyptian and Near Eastern texts, medical writings, and material evidence illuminate childbirth practices.